555 Timer Generator

555 Timer Waveform Generator

Professional timer calculator with example presets

Quick Examples

Output Waveform
Frequency: 722.5 Hz
High Time
0.69 ms
Low Time
0.69 ms
Period
1.38 ms
Duty Cycle
50.0 %

Circuit Information

Astable Mode: Continuous square wave generation using R1 and R2

Frequency = 1 / (0.693 × (R1 + 2×R2) × C)
Duty Cycle = (R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2×R2) × 100%
Buck Converter: Design Guide & Calculator

Buck Converters: Step-Down Voltage Regulation

What is a Buck Converter?

A buck converter is a DC-DC switching regulator that efficiently steps down higher input voltage to a lower output voltage. Key features:

  • High efficiency (typically 85-95%)
  • Wide input voltage range
  • PWM-based voltage regulation
  • Compact size compared to linear regulators

Basic Operation

Working Principle

  1. Switch (MOSFET) turns ON: Current flows through inductor to load
  2. Switch turns OFF: Inductor current continues through diode
  3. Output capacitor filters the pulsating voltage
  4. Control circuit maintains output through PWM

Key Design Formulas

Duty Cycle

D = Vout / Vin

Inductor Selection

L = (Vin - Vout) × D / (ΔIL × f)

Output Capacitance

Cout = ΔIL / (8 × f × ΔVout)

Component Selection Guide

Component Selection Criteria
Inductor Low DCR, saturation current > peak current
Capacitor Low ESR, voltage rating 1.5×Vout
Diode Fast recovery, current rating > Iout
MOSFET Low RDS(on), fast switching

Common Applications

  • Voltage regulation for microcontrollers
  • Battery-powered devices
  • LED drivers
  • Automotive electronics
  • Solar power systems